Effects of calcined “sikad” shell as a partial substitute to cement in concrete paving blocks/
Amacio, Cyrus Valerie G.
Effects of calcined “sikad” shell as a partial substitute to cement in concrete paving blocks/ Cyrus Valerie G. Amacio, Mariz Angela G. Banawa, Venus Leah V. Bucao, Mark Joseph L. Elevencione, Maryanne Daniella D. Perez, and Janilyn D. Siy.-- - Manila: Technological University of the Philippines, 2025. - x, 151pages: 29cm.
Bachelor's thesis
College of Industrial Technology.--
Includes bibliographic references and index.
Concrete paving blocks are frequently used to construct parks, driveways, and pedestrian
walkways due to their great strength, durability, and ability to resist most chemicals.
However, their production heavily relies on significant natural resources, necessitating the
exploration of alternative materials from waste streams. Utilizing discarded seashells as
partial substitute to cement in CPB provides a sustainable solution, by reducing waste
disposal problems and conserving natural resources. With a calcium carbonate content
exceeding 90%, similar to limestone used in cement, seashells could be a valuable resource.
This study investigates the potential of calcined sikad shells as a partial replacement for
cement. The sikad shells were processed through calcination to produce calcium oxide
(CaO) which undergoes XRF analysis that contains 95.38% of Cao and incorporated
varying percentages (0% to 4%) as partial substitute to cement in cement-sand-aggregate
mixture with 1:1:1.5 mix ratio and 0.37 water-cement ratio. The CPB had a curing trial of
7, 14, and 28 days with its dimension of 200mm x 100mm x 60mm. All experimental
procedures, material specifications, and testing methods were conducted in accordance
with the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) C936 for target compressive
strength and water absorption by using ASTM C140 as standard test method. Based on test
results at 28 curing days, mixture 5 with 4% sikad-cement replacement passed the standard
of ASTM C936 for compressive strength of 70.74 MPa exceeding 55 MPa, indicating
significant capability. Additionally, this mixture recorded the highest water absorption rate
at 1.64%, passing the standard absorption rate which does not exceed 5%, and the highest
flexural strength at 4.34 MPa exceeding the standard strength of 4 MPa, suggesting
improved resistance to cracking and deformation under stress.
Concrete paving block
Calcined sikad shell
Calcium oxide
BTH TH 438 / A43 2025
Effects of calcined “sikad” shell as a partial substitute to cement in concrete paving blocks/ Cyrus Valerie G. Amacio, Mariz Angela G. Banawa, Venus Leah V. Bucao, Mark Joseph L. Elevencione, Maryanne Daniella D. Perez, and Janilyn D. Siy.-- - Manila: Technological University of the Philippines, 2025. - x, 151pages: 29cm.
Bachelor's thesis
College of Industrial Technology.--
Includes bibliographic references and index.
Concrete paving blocks are frequently used to construct parks, driveways, and pedestrian
walkways due to their great strength, durability, and ability to resist most chemicals.
However, their production heavily relies on significant natural resources, necessitating the
exploration of alternative materials from waste streams. Utilizing discarded seashells as
partial substitute to cement in CPB provides a sustainable solution, by reducing waste
disposal problems and conserving natural resources. With a calcium carbonate content
exceeding 90%, similar to limestone used in cement, seashells could be a valuable resource.
This study investigates the potential of calcined sikad shells as a partial replacement for
cement. The sikad shells were processed through calcination to produce calcium oxide
(CaO) which undergoes XRF analysis that contains 95.38% of Cao and incorporated
varying percentages (0% to 4%) as partial substitute to cement in cement-sand-aggregate
mixture with 1:1:1.5 mix ratio and 0.37 water-cement ratio. The CPB had a curing trial of
7, 14, and 28 days with its dimension of 200mm x 100mm x 60mm. All experimental
procedures, material specifications, and testing methods were conducted in accordance
with the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) C936 for target compressive
strength and water absorption by using ASTM C140 as standard test method. Based on test
results at 28 curing days, mixture 5 with 4% sikad-cement replacement passed the standard
of ASTM C936 for compressive strength of 70.74 MPa exceeding 55 MPa, indicating
significant capability. Additionally, this mixture recorded the highest water absorption rate
at 1.64%, passing the standard absorption rate which does not exceed 5%, and the highest
flexural strength at 4.34 MPa exceeding the standard strength of 4 MPa, suggesting
improved resistance to cracking and deformation under stress.
Concrete paving block
Calcined sikad shell
Calcium oxide
BTH TH 438 / A43 2025