Effects of calcined “sikad” shell as a partial substitute to cement in concrete paving blocks/ Cyrus Valerie G. Amacio, Mariz Angela G. Banawa, Venus Leah V. Bucao, Mark Joseph L. Elevencione, Maryanne Daniella D. Perez, and Janilyn D. Siy.--

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Amacio, Cyrus Valerie G [author]

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Material type: Text

TextPublication details: Manila: Technological University of the Philippines, 2025.Description: x, 151pages: 29cmContent type:

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BTH TH 438 A43 2025

Dissertation note: College of Industrial Technology.-- Bachelor of engineering technology major in construction technology: Technological University of the Philippines, 2025. Summary: Concrete paving blocks are frequently used to construct parks, driveways, and pedestrian walkways due to their great strength, durability, and ability to resist most chemicals. However, their production heavily relies on significant natural resources, necessitating the exploration of alternative materials from waste streams. Utilizing discarded seashells as partial substitute to cement in CPB provides a sustainable solution, by reducing waste disposal problems and conserving natural resources. With a calcium carbonate content exceeding 90%, similar to limestone used in cement, seashells could be a valuable resource. This study investigates the potential of calcined sikad shells as a partial replacement for cement. The sikad shells were processed through calcination to produce calcium oxide (CaO) which undergoes XRF analysis that contains 95.38% of Cao and incorporated varying percentages (0% to 4%) as partial substitute to cement in cement-sand-aggregate mixture with 1:1:1.5 mix ratio and 0.37 water-cement ratio. The CPB had a curing trial of 7, 14, and 28 days with its dimension of 200mm x 100mm x 60mm. All experimental procedures, material specifications, and testing methods were conducted in accordance with the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) C936 for target compressive strength and water absorption by using ASTM C140 as standard test method. Based on test results at 28 curing days, mixture 5 with 4% sikad-cement replacement passed the standard of ASTM C936 for compressive strength of 70.74 MPa exceeding 55 MPa, indicating significant capability. Additionally, this mixture recorded the highest water absorption rate at 1.64%, passing the standard absorption rate which does not exceed 5%, and the highest flexural strength at 4.34 MPa exceeding the standard strength of 4 MPa, suggesting improved resistance to cracking and deformation under stress.

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Item type	Current library	Shelving location	Call number	Copy number	Status	Date due	Barcode
Bachelor's Thesis CIT	TUP Manila Library	Thesis Section-2nd floor	BTH TH 438 A43 2025 (Browse shelf(Opens below))	c.1	Not for loan		BTH0006283

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Previous	BTH TH 438 A43 2023 Development of particle board using dried Ipil-ipil pods and phenol formaldehyde resin as binder/	BTH TH 438 A43 2024 Enhancement of the compressive strength of concrete paving blocks with pulverized tilapia fish scale as mineral filler/	BTH TH 438 A43 2025 Effects of coffee husk and polypropylene as raw materials and isocyanate as binder in particle board/	BTH TH 438 A43 2025 Effects of calcined “sikad” shell as a partial substitute to cement in concrete paving blocks/	BTH TH 438 A44 2025 Effectiveness of narra seed pod ash (pterocarpus indicus) as admixture in concrete paving blocks/	BTH TH 438 A46 2025 Effects of pulverized cockle shell as mineral filler to voids and cracks in concrete paving block using upv and upe/	BTH TH 438 A5 2023 Effect of dry luffa gourd fiber in mechanical and physical properties of concrete hollow blocls/	Next

Bachelor's thesis

College of Industrial Technology.-- Bachelor of engineering technology major in construction technology: Technological University of the Philippines, 2025.

Includes bibliographic references and index.

Concrete paving blocks are frequently used to construct parks, driveways, and pedestrian
walkways due to their great strength, durability, and ability to resist most chemicals.
However, their production heavily relies on significant natural resources, necessitating the
exploration of alternative materials from waste streams. Utilizing discarded seashells as
partial substitute to cement in CPB provides a sustainable solution, by reducing waste
disposal problems and conserving natural resources. With a calcium carbonate content
exceeding 90%, similar to limestone used in cement, seashells could be a valuable resource.
This study investigates the potential of calcined sikad shells as a partial replacement for
cement. The sikad shells were processed through calcination to produce calcium oxide
(CaO) which undergoes XRF analysis that contains 95.38% of Cao and incorporated
varying percentages (0% to 4%) as partial substitute to cement in cement-sand-aggregate
mixture with 1:1:1.5 mix ratio and 0.37 water-cement ratio. The CPB had a curing trial of
7, 14, and 28 days with its dimension of 200mm x 100mm x 60mm. All experimental
procedures, material specifications, and testing methods were conducted in accordance
with the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) C936 for target compressive
strength and water absorption by using ASTM C140 as standard test method. Based on test
results at 28 curing days, mixture 5 with 4% sikad-cement replacement passed the standard
of ASTM C936 for compressive strength of 70.74 MPa exceeding 55 MPa, indicating
significant capability. Additionally, this mixture recorded the highest water absorption rate
at 1.64%, passing the standard absorption rate which does not exceed 5%, and the highest
flexural strength at 4.34 MPa exceeding the standard strength of 4 MPa, suggesting
improved resistance to cracking and deformation under stress.

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